- Micronutrient deficiencies have been found in obese individuals across age groups worldwide. An examination of the available literature suggests associations exist between micronutrient deficiencies and obesity in different populations. These associations and possible mechanisms of the deficiencies' metabolic effects, such as their influence on leptin and insulin metabolism, are evident.
- Reduced bone mineral density is frequently found in individuals with untreated celiac disease (CD), possibly due to calcium and vitamin D malabsorption, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and misbalanced bone remodeling. A gluten-free diet (GFD) promotes a rapid increase in BMD that leads to complete recovery of bone mineralization in children. Children may attain normal peak bone mass if the diagnosis is made and treatment is given before puberty, thereby preventing osteoporosis in later life. A GFD improves, but rarely normalizes, BMD in patients diagnosed with CD in adulthood. In some cases, nutritional supplementation may be necessary.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Sweetened beverage intake at age 5 y, but not milk or fruit juice intake, was positively associated with adiposity from age 5 to 15 y. Greater consumption of sweetened beverages at age 5 y (
2 servings/d) was associated with a higher percentage body fat, waist circumference, and weight status from age 5 to 15 y.
- There is no clear support to the hypothesis that a moderately increased intake of dairy products beneficially affects aspects of the metabolic syndrome. The apparently positive effects on waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter in subjects with a low calcium intake suggest a possible threshold in relation to effects on body composition.
- Protein intake significantly blunts the effects of a high fat diet on IHCLs (intrahepatocellular lipids) and insulin activity through effects presumably exerted at the level of the liver, thus preventing weight gain and abnormal blood sugar. Protein-induced increases in bile acid concentrations may be involved.
- On the basis of Dietary Reference Intakes, an iron supplement of 16 mg/d throughout pregnancy is justified as both efficacious and safe for healthy women living in Canadian households. This does not preclude the need for therapeutic iron doses for some individuals on the basis of iron status.
- Iodine supplementation alleviated the moderate iodine deficiency and reduced elevated thyroglobulin concentrations in older New Zealand persons.
- A diet high in fiber is significantly associated with decreased hormone concentrations and a higher probability of ovulation. Further study of the effect of fiber on reproductive health and of the effect of these intakes in reproductive-aged women is warranted.
Food and Chemical Toxicology
- Fluorides, when taken in amounts exceeding the standard therapeutic dosage, are regarded as toxic substances. Recent studies show that fluorides may affect the oxidoreductive processes of cells. The aim of is to investigate the effect of antioxidative vitamins A and E and coenzyme Q on the morphological picture of the lungs and pancreata of rats exposed to high doses of sodium fluoride. The results confirmed that the administration of vitamins A and E and coenzyme Q has a counteracting influence upon the degenerative changes seen in the examined organs of rats.
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