The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) has authored risk assessments for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), carotenoids lutein and lycopene, and creatine monohydrate. The risk assessments, published by the peer-reviewed journal Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, were co-authored by CRN scientists John Hathcock, Ph.D., and Andrew Shao, Ph.D., to ensure regulators worldwide have a science-based guideline available to determine safe upper levels for these popular non-essential nutrients in dietary supplements.
For each nutrient, Drs. Hathcock and Shao reviewed only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in humans, using uncontrolled trials and animal data as supportive information only. For CoQ10 the authors arrived at a ULS of 1,200 mg per day. For lutein the authors concluded that a ULS of 20 mg per day should be proposed for this carotenoid. For lycopene, the authors arrived at a ULS of 75 mg per day. Creatine was assigned a ULS of 5 grams per day.
Upper levels do not suggest that supplements taken above the level identified are unsafe, nor do they constitute a recommended intake. They simply identify a level at which there is "no known toxicity for these nutrients," said Dr. Hathcock.
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